Positive Electrode for Lithium Secondary Battery and Lithium Secondary Battery Including the Same

ABSTRACT

A positive electrode includes: a positive electrode active material layer formed on a surface of a positive electrode current collector, including two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters (D50), a conductive material, and a binder; and a carbon-based coating layer formed on a surface of the positive electrode active material layer. The two types of positive electrode active materials are each represented by Chemical Formula 1 below. The carbon-based coating layer includes a sphere-type conductive material and a binder, where the binder is included in an amount of 5 parts by weight or more and less than 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer.Li1+aNixCoyMzO2   [Chemical Formula 1]In Chemical Formula 1, 0≤a≤0.5, 0&lt;x&lt;1, 0&lt;y&lt;1, 0&lt;z&lt;1, and M is at least one of Mn and Al.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a national stage entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of international application No. PCT/KR2020/010626 filed on Aug. 11, 2020, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0098425, filed on Aug. 12, 2019, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery.

BACKGROUND ART

As the technology for mobile devices is developed and the demand for mobile devices increases, the demand for secondary batteries as an energy source is rapidly increasing. Among secondary batteries, lithium secondary batteries having high energy density, a high voltage, a long cycle lifespan, and a low self-discharge rate have been commercialized and widely used.

Lithium-transition metal composite oxides have been used as a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, and among lithium-transition metal composite oxides, LiCoO₂, which is a lithium-cobalt composite metal oxide having a high operating voltage and excellent capacity characteristics, has been mainly used. However, since LiCoO₂ not only has very poor thermal properties due to the destabilization of its crystal structure resulting from lithium deintercalation but also is expensive, it has a limitation in mass use as a power source in the electric vehicle field and the like.

As a material for replacing LiCoO₂, lithium-manganese composite metal oxides (LiMnO₂, LiMn₂O₄, etc.), lithium-iron phosphate oxides (LiFePO₄, etc.), lithium-nickel composite metal oxides (LiNiO₂, etc.), and the like have been developed. Among them, lithium-nickel composite metal oxides, which have a high reversible capacity of about 200 mAh/g and thus facilitate the implementation of large-capacity batteries, have been actively researched and developed. However, LiNiO₂ has inferior thermal stability compared to LiCoO₂ and causes a battery to fracture and ignite because the positive electrode active material itself is decomposed when an internal short circuit occurs in a charged state due to pressure applied from the outside. Accordingly, as a method for improving the low thermal stability of LiNiO₂ while maintaining the excellent reversible capacity thereof, lithium-nickel-cobalt metal oxides, in which a part of the nickel (Ni) is substituted with cobalt (Co) and metal elements (M) (here, M is at least one of Mn and Al), have been developed.

However, in the case of the lithium-nickel-cobalt metal oxides, the rolling density of particles is low, and particularly, when the Ni content increases to increase capacity characteristics, the rolling density of particles is further lowered. Also, when an electrode is strongly roll-pressed to increase rolling density, a current collector is fractured, and a positive electrode material is cracked.

In order to address the above-described problems and improve energy density, a positive electrode material with a bimodal particle diameter distribution, which is formed by mixing lithium-nickel-cobalt metal oxides having a relatively large particle diameter and lithium-nickel-cobalt metal oxides having a relatively small particle diameter, was conventionally used.

However, even when a positive electrode material with a bimodal particle diameter distribution is used, the positive electrode material is cracked during roll pressing for manufacturing a positive electrode. The part where the cracking occurs is less electrically conductive due to the absence of a conductive material, and particularly, since the above-described cracking occurs more remarkably on the surface of the positive electrode material, electrical conductivity on the positive electrode surface is degraded, and thus, when the positive electrode is applied to a battery, the overall performance of the battery is deteriorated.

Therefore, there is a need for the development of a secondary battery which allows the suppression of the cracking of a positive electrode material and thus achieves the prevention of performance deterioration and the improvement of output characteristics when the positive electrode material is applied thereto.

PRIOR-ART DOCUMENTS Patent Documents

(Patent Document 1) Korean Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 10-2016-0075196

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

In order to address the above-described problems, the present invention is directed to providing a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery which allows the cracking of a positive electrode material with a bimodal particle diameter distribution to be suppressed.

The present invention is also directed to providing a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode.

Technical Solution

One aspect of the present invention provides a positive electrode which includes: a positive electrode active material layer formed on a surface of a positive electrode current collector and including two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters, a conductive material, and a binder; and a carbon-based coating layer formed on a surface of the positive electrode active material layer, wherein the two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters are each represented by Chemical Formula 1 below, the carbon-based coating layer includes a sphere-type conductive material and a binder, and the carbon-based coating layer includes the binder in an amount of 5 parts by weight or more and less than 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer.

Li_(1+a)Ni_(x)Co_(y)M_(z)O₂   [Chemical Formula 1]

In Chemical Formula 1, 0≤a≤0.5, 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, and M is at least one of Mn and Al.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode according to one aspect of the present invention.

Advantageous Effects

According to the present invention, since a mixture of two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters is used, small-particle-diameter positive electrode active material particles having a relatively small average particle diameter fill the empty space between large-particle-diameter positive electrode active material particles having a relatively large average particle diameter. In this case, the small-particle-diameter positive electrode active material particles act to absorb impact, and thus the cracking of the large-particle-diameter positive electrode active material particles can be prevented. Also, since the empty space between positive electrode active material particles is minimized, energy density is improved, and thus a secondary battery with high capacity can be provided.

In addition, since a low-density carbon-based coating layer is formed on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer, the cracking of positive electrode active materials, which may occur in the manufacture of a secondary battery, can be further prevented. Also, since the carbon-based coating layer formed on the surface allows the conductivity of a positive electrode to be improved, when the positive electrode is applied to a battery, a secondary battery with improved output characteristics can be provided.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a positive electrode according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the cross section of a positive electrode manufactured in Example 1.

FIG. 3 is an SEM image of a cross section of a positive electrode manufactured in Example 2.

FIG. 4 is an SEM image of a cross section of a positive electrode manufactured in Example 3.

FIG. 5 is an SEM image of a cross section of a positive electrode manufactured in Comparative Example 1.

FIG. 6 is an SEM image of a cross section of a positive electrode manufactured in Comparative Example 3.

FIG. 7 is an SEM image of a surface of a positive electrode manufactured in Comparative Example 2.

FIG. 8 is an SEM image of a surface of a positive electrode manufactured in Example 1.

MODES OF THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.

Terms and words used in this specification and the claims should not be interpreted as limited to commonly used meanings or meanings in dictionaries and should be interpreted with meanings and concepts which are consistent with the technological scope of the present invention based on the principle that the inventors can appropriately define concepts of terms in order to describe the invention in the best way.

In this specification, an average particle diameter (D₅₀) may be defined as a particle diameter corresponding to 50% of the cumulative volume in a particle diameter distribution curve. The average particle diameter (D₅₀) may be measured using, for example, a laser diffraction method. The laser diffraction method generally allows the measurement of a particle diameter ranging from a submicron level to several millimeters and may produce a result having high reproducibility and high resolution.

In this specification, a “primary particle” means the smallest unit of particles recognized when positive electrode active material particles are observed through a scanning electron microscope, and a “secondary particle” means a secondary structure formed by agglomerating a plurality of primary particles.

In the present invention, a “crystalline grain” means a single crystalline grain unit having a regular atomic arrangement. In the present invention, the size of the crystalline grain is a value obtained by obtaining X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and then analyzing the data through Rietveld refinement.

Positive Electrode

Lithium-nickel-cobalt metal oxides conventionally used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery have a problem such as low rolling density of particles. When an electrode is strongly roll-pressed to increase rolling density, there are problems in that a current collector is fractured, and a positive electrode material is cracked.

Accordingly, the present inventors have ardently conducted research to develop a positive electrode material with excellent rolling density and found that, by forming a carbon-based coating layer on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer including two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters, the carbon-based coating layer is able to act as an impact-absorbing layer so as to not only suppress the cracking of a positive electrode material but also effectively improve output characteristics. Based on the facts, the present invention has been completed.

This will be described in further detail. A positive electrode according to the present invention includes: a positive electrode active material layer formed on a surface of a positive electrode current collector and including two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters, a conductive material, and a binder; and a carbon-based coating layer formed on a surface of the positive electrode active material layer, wherein the two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters are each represented by Chemical Formula 1 below, the carbon-based coating layer includes a sphere-type conductive material and a binder, and the carbon-based coating layer includes the binder in an amount of 5 parts by weight or more and less than 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer.

Li_(1+a)Ni_(x)Co_(y)M_(z)O₂   [Chemical Formula 1]

In Chemical Formula 1, 0≤a≤0.5, 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, and M is at least one of Mn and Al.

Hereinafter, the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention will be described in more detail.

First, as shown in FIG. 1, the positive electrode according to the present invention includes a positive electrode active material layer 20 formed on a positive electrode current collector 10 and a carbon-based coating layer 30 formed on the positive electrode active material layer 20.

The positive electrode current collector 10 is not particularly limited as long as it does not cause a chemical change in the battery and has conductivity. For example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, aluminum or stainless steel whose surface has been treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, or the like, or the like may be used as the positive electrode current collector. In addition, the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 μm to 500 μm and have fine irregularities formed on the surface thereof to increase the adhesion of a positive electrode active material. Additionally, the positive electrode current collector may be used in any of various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous material, a foam, a non-woven fabric, and the like.

In addition, the positive electrode active material layer 20 formed on the positive electrode current collector 10 includes two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters, a conductive material, and a binder.

The two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters (D₅₀) may each be represented by the following Chemical Formula 1.

Li_(1+a)Ni_(x)Co_(y)M_(z)O₂   [Chemical Formula 1]

In Chemical Formula 1, 0≤a≤0.5, 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, and M is at least one of Mn and Al, and preferably, 0≤a≤0.2, 0.5≤x≤1, 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, and M is Mn.

The two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters (D₅₀) according to the present invention may have a bimodal particle diameter distribution, including first positive electrode active material particles having an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 8 μm to 20 μm and second positive electrode active material particles having a smaller average particle diameter (D₅₀) than the average particle diameter (D₅₀) of the first positive electrode active material particles.

The second positive electrode active material particles may have an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 10% or more and less than 40%, preferably, 20% to 30%, of the average particle diameter (D₅₀) of the first positive electrode active material particles.

For example, the two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters (D₅₀) may have a bimodal particle diameter distribution, in which the first positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 8 μm to 20 μm, and preferably, 10 μm to 15 μm, and the second positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 0.8 μm or more and less than 8 μm, preferably 1.6 μm to 6 μm, and most preferably 3 μm to 6 μm. For example, when the average particle diameter of the first positive electrode active material is out of the above-described range, an impact absorption effect is decreased, and thus the first positive electrode active material may be cracked during roll pressing. In addition, when the average particle diameter (D₅₀) of the second positive electrode active material is out of the above-described range, a bimodal effect is decreased, and thus a desired rolling density may not be achieved.

For example, the positive electrode material may be in the form in which small-particle-diameter second positive electrode active material particles having a relatively small average particle diameter (D₅₀) fill the empty space between large-particle-diameter first positive electrode active material particles having a relatively large average particle diameter (D₅₀). When the second positive electrode active material particles fill the empty space between the first positive electrode active material particles, the second positive electrode active material particles act to absorb impact and may be first cracked before the first positive electrode active material particles are cracked during a subsequent roll pressing process, thereby minimizing the cracking of the first positive electrode active material particles. In particular, when the cracking of the first positive electrode active material particles is minimized, an effect of suppressing gas generation during high temperature storage may be achieved.

In addition, when the second positive electrode active material particles fill the empty space between the first positive electrode active material particles, the empty space in the positive electrode active material layer may be minimized to improve energy density, and thus high capacity characteristics and output characteristics may be improved.

However, even when a mixed positive electrode material of two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters is used as the positive electrode material included in the positive electrode active material layer, a positive electrode material present in the upper part of the positive electrode active material layer may be cracked by a roll pressing process in the manufacture of the positive electrode.

The first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material may be included in a weight ratio of 9:1 to 6:4, and preferably, 8:2 to 7:3. When the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material are included in the above-described weight ratio, when they are applied to the electrode, an effect of increasing the rolling density of the electrode can be achieved. On the other hand, when the weight ratio of the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material is out of the above-described range, a rolling effect caused by bimodalization is decreased, and thus a desired rolling density may not be achieved.

According to the present invention, the first positive electrode active material particles and the second positive electrode active material particles each independently are in the form of a secondary particle formed by agglomerating a plurality of primary particles.

As described above, when both of the first positive electrode active material particles and the second positive electrode active material particles according to the present invention are in the form a secondary particle, output performance may be improved.

For example, the first positive electrode active material may be in the form of a secondary particle formed by agglomerating primary particles having crystalline grains with a size of 50 nm to 200 nm, and preferably, 100 nm to 190 nm.

For example, the second positive electrode active material may be in the form of a secondary particle formed by agglomerating primary particles having crystalline grains with a size of 50 nm to 200 nm, and preferably, 100 nm to 190 nm.

Since the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material are each formed in the form of a secondary particle formed by agglomerating primary particles, the path through which lithium salts contained in an electrolyte solution are intercalated into a lithium layer in the positive electrode active material is reduced, and thus an effect of improving output performance may be achieved.

The two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters may be included in an amount of 80 to 99 parts by weight, and preferably, 90 to 97 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of solid content in the positive electrode active material layer. When the amount of the positive electrode material included in the positive electrode active material layer satisfies the above-described range, an effect of maximizing the rolling density of the electrode can be achieved. On the other hand, when the amount of the positive electrode material included in the positive electrode active material layer is less than the above-described range, an impact absorption effect is decreased, and thus the large-particle-diameter first positive electrode active material may be cracked during roll pressing. Also, when the amount of the positive electrode material included in the positive electrode active material layer exceeds the above-described range, energy density is degraded, and thus capacity may be degraded.

In addition, the positive electrode active material layer 20 further includes a conductive material and a binder in addition to the two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters.

The conductive material is used to impart conductivity to the electrode, and any conductive material that does not cause a chemical change in the battery and has electron conductivity may be used without particular limitation. Specific examples of the conductive material include: graphite such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, or the like; a carbon-based material such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, carbon fiber, or the like; a metal powder or metal fiber containing copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, or the like; a conductive whisker such as zinc oxide, potassium titanate, or the like; a conductive metal oxide such as titanium oxide or the like; and a conductive polymer such as a polyphenylene derivative or the like, which may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. The conductive material may be included in an amount of 1 to 15 parts by weight, and preferably, 2 to 8 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the positive electrode active material layer.

The binder serves to improve cohesion between positive electrode active material particles and adhesion between the positive electrode active material and the current collector. Specific examples of the binder include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), a sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluorine rubber, and various copolymers thereof, which may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. The binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 10 parts by weight, and preferably, 2 to 8 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the positive electrode active material layer.

In addition, the positive electrode according to the present invention includes the carbon-based coating layer 30 formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 20, and the carbon-based coating layer includes a sphere-type conductive material and a binder.

As described above, even when a mixed positive electrode material of two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters are used as the positive electrode material included in the positive electrode active material layer, a positive electrode material present in the upper part of the positive electrode active material layer may be cracked by a roll pressing process in the manufacture of the positive electrode.

Accordingly, by forming the carbon-based coating layer consisting of a sphere-type conductive material with low density on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer, the carbon-based coating layer acts as an impact-absorbing layer, and thus the cracking of the positive electrode material included in the positive electrode active material layer may be suppressed even during roll pressing.

For reference, rather than the case in which the carbon-based coating layer consisting of a sphere-type conductive material with low density is formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer, in the case in which the carbon-based coating layer consisting of a sphere-type conductive material with low density is formed on the surface of first positive electrode active material particles and the surface of second positive electrode active material particles, which have a bimodal particle diameter distribution, it becomes difficult to suppress the cracking of the first positive electrode active material particles during roll pressing of the positive electrode due to the absence of a separate coating layer that acts as an impact-absorbing layer.

The sphere-type conductive material may have a density of 1.0 g/cm³ to 3.0 g/cm³, and preferably, 1.0 g/cm³ to 2.5 g/cm³. When the carbon-based coating layer is formed using a sphere-type conductive material having a density within the above-described range, a low-density coating layer having a lower density than that of the positive electrode active material can be formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer. Therefore, when the positive electrode is roll-pressed, or a secondary battery manufactured using the positive electrode is charged and discharged, the low-density coating layer acts as an impact-absorbing layer, and thus the cracking of the positive electrode active material layer may be prevented. In addition, the ion conductivity of the positive electrode is improved due to the carbon-based coating layer, and thus when the positive electrode is applied to a secondary battery, the output characteristics of the battery may be improved.

In addition, the sphere-type conductive material may be carbon black having an average specific surface area of 50 m²/g to 500 m²/g, and preferably, 50 m²/g to 100 m²/g. When carbon black having the above-described density and the above-described density average specific surface area is used as the sphere-type conductive material, the positive electrode active material may be prevented from being damaged by increased output and the impact-absorbing effect.

The sphere-type conductive material may be carbon black, specifically, one or more selected from acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black. For example, the sphere-type conductive material may be Denka black, Super C65, or Super P.

In addition, the carbon-based coating layer further includes a binder.

The binder serves to improve cohesion between the conductive materials included in the carbon-based coating layer and adhesion between the carbon-based coating layer and the positive electrode active material layer. Specifically, by being included in the carbon-based coating layer, the binder may improve cohesion between the conductive materials and adhesion between the carbon-based coating layer and the positive electrode active material layer. For example, when the carbon-based coating layer does not include the binder, the carbon-based coating layer may peel off from the surface of the positive electrode active material layer or the conductive material may peel off from the carbon-based coating layer due to a force applied from the outside during a roll pressing process in the manufacture of the positive electrode or during charging and discharging of a secondary battery including the positive electrode. In this case, an effect of preventing the cracking of the positive electrode active material and improving output characteristics, which results from the formation of the carbon-based coating layer, may not be achieved, and the carbon-based coating layer may rather act as a resistive layer, thereby degrading the efficiency of a secondary battery. Since the type of the binder is the same as those described in the positive electrode active material layer, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.

The carbon-based coating layer may include the binder in an amount of 5 parts by weight or more and less than 10 parts by weight, and preferably, 5 parts by weight to 8 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer. When the content of the binder is less than 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer, a roll may be contaminated during a roll pressing process in the manufacture of the positive electrode, and when the content of the binder is 10 parts by weight or more with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer, the initial resistance and resistance increase rate of a secondary battery may be poor. Also, when the content of the binder is within the above-described range, the cracking of the positive electrode active material, which is caused by roll pressing, can be prevented, and layer separation of the carbon-based coating layer cannot occur during roll pressing.

The carbon-based coating layer may have a thickness of 2 μm to 20 μm, and preferably, 2 μm to 15 μm. When the carbon-based coating layer is formed to have a thickness within the above-described range, even when the positive electrode including the carbon-based coating layer is roll-pressed, the cracking of the positive electrode material in the positive electrode active material layer can be suppressed. Also, as electrical conductivity is improved due to the carbon-based coating layer formed on the surface, resistance may be decreased, and thus when the positive electrode is applied to a battery, output characteristics may also be improved.

Method of Manufacturing Positive Electrode

The positive electrode may be manufactured by a typical method of manufacturing a positive electrode.

Specifically, a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer, which is prepared by dissolving or dispersing two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters (D₅₀), a conductive material, and a binder in a solvent, is applied onto a positive electrode current collector and dried to form a positive electrode active material layer, and a composition for forming a coating layer, which is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a conductive material and a binder in a solvent, is applied onto the positive electrode active material layer and thermally treated, thereby manufacturing a positive electrode in which the positive electrode active material layer and the carbon-based coating layer are formed on the positive electrode current collector.

The thermal treatment for forming the carbon-based coating layer may be performed at 80° C. to 180° C., preferably, 100° C. to 140° C., under an air atmosphere. In particular, when the carbon-based coating layer is formed under the above-described thermal treatment atmosphere and temperature, an effect of improving output and preventing damage to the positive electrode active material during roll pressing of the electrode can be achieved. For example, when the thermal treatment is performed at a temperature outside the above-described temperature range, the binder is cured, and thus the electrode may be cracked.

Meanwhile, the solvent may be a solvent generally used in the art, and examples of the solvent include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, water, and the like, which may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. The solvent is used in an amount just enough to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, and the binder and to have a viscosity capable of achieving excellent thickness uniformity upon subsequent application for manufacturing the positive electrode in consideration of a thickness of an applied slurry and a manufacturing yield.

Lithium Secondary Battery

In the present invention, an electrochemical device including the positive electrode may be manufactured. The electrochemical device may specifically be a battery, a capacitor, or the like and more specifically a lithium secondary battery.

The lithium secondary battery specifically includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode disposed to face the positive electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte. Since the positive electrode is the same as described above, the detailed description thereof will be omitted, and only the remaining components will be described in detail.

In addition, the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include: a battery container which accommodates an electrode assembly including the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator; and a sealing member which seals the battery container.

In the lithium secondary battery, the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the negative electrode current collector.

The negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it does not cause a chemical change in the battery and has high conductivity. For example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel whose surface has been treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, or the like, an aluminum-cadmium alloy, or the like may be used as the negative electrode current collector. In addition, the negative electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 μm to 500 μm and have fine irregularities formed on the surface thereof to increase the adhesion of a negative electrode active material like the positive electrode current collector. Additionally, the negative electrode current collector may be used in any of various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous material, a foam, a non-woven fabric, and the like.

The negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material and, optionally, a binder and a conductive material.

As the negative electrode active material, a compound that enables the reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used. Specific examples of the negative electrode active material include: a carbonaceous material such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, amorphous carbon, or the like; a metallic compound capable of alloying with lithium, such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, a Si alloy, a Sn alloy, an Al alloy, or the like; a metal oxide capable of doping and dedoping lithium, such as SiO_(β) (0<β<2), SnO₂, vanadium oxide, or lithium vanadium oxide; and a composite including the metallic compound and the carbonaceous material, such as a Si—C composite or a Sn—C composite, which may be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. In addition, a lithium metal thin film may be used as the negative electrode active material. Additionally, as a carbon material, both low-crystallinity carbon and high-crystallinity carbon may be used. Representative examples of the low-crystallinity carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon, and representative examples of the high-crystallinity carbon include amorphous, platy, flaky, spherical or fibrous natural graphite or artificial graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, meso-carbon microbeads, mesophase pitches, and high-temperature calcined carbon such as petroleum or coal tar pitch-derived cokes, and the like.

The negative electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80 parts by weight to 99 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material layer.

The binder serves to assist bonding between the conductive material, the active material, and the current collector and is typically included in an amount of 0.1 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material layer. Examples of the binder include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), a sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, and various copolymers thereof.

The conductive material is a component for improving the conductivity of the negative electrode active material and may be included in an amount of 10 parts by weight or less, and preferably, 5 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material layer. Such a conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it does not cause a chemical change in the battery and has conductivity. For example, graphite such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, or the like; carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, or the like; a conductive fiber such as a carbon fiber, a metal fiber, or the like; a metal powder containing carbon fluoride, aluminum, nickel, or the like; a conductive whisker such as zinc oxide, potassium titanate, or the like; a conductive metal oxide such as titanium oxide or the like; or a conductive material such as a polyphenylene derivative or the like may be used.

For example, the negative electrode active material layer may be formed by applying, onto a negative electrode current collector, a negative electrode mixture, which is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a negative electrode active material and, optionally, a binder and a conductive material in a solvent, and drying the same, or by laminating, on a negative electrode current collector, a film obtained by casting the negative electrode mixture on a separate support and removing it from the support.

Meanwhile, in the lithium secondary battery, the separator serves to separate the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provide a passage for lithium ion migration. As the separator, any separator that is typically used in a lithium secondary battery may be used without particular limitation, and in particular, a separator that exhibits low resistance to the migration of electrolyte ions and has an excellent electrolyte impregnation ability is preferred. Specifically, a porous polymer film, for example, a porous polymer film made of a polyolefin-based polymer such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or the like or a stacked structure having two or more layers thereof, may be used. In addition, a typical porous non-woven fabric, for example, a non-woven fabric made of high-melting-point glass fiber, polyethylene terephthalate fiber, or the like may be used. Also, to ensure heat resistance or mechanical strength, a coated separator which includes a ceramic component or polymer material and is optionally in a single-layer or multi-layer structure may be used.

In addition, as the electrolyte used in the present invention, an organic liquid electrolyte, an inorganic liquid electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte, a gel-type polymer electrolyte, an inorganic solid electrolyte, a molten-type inorganic electrolyte, or the like, which is usable in the manufacture of the lithium secondary battery, may be used, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Specifically, the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.

As the organic solvent, any solvent that may function as a medium through which ions involved in an electrochemical reaction of the battery can migrate may be used without particular limitation. Specifically, the organic solvent may be: an ester-based solvent such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, γ-butyrolactone, ε-caprolactone, or the like; an ether-based solvent such as dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or the like; a ketone-based solvent such as cyclohexanone or the like; an aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvent such as benzene, fluorobenzene, or the like; a carbonate-based solvent such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), or the like; an alcohol-based solvent such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, or the like; a nitrile such as R—CN (R is a C2-C20 hydrocarbon group with a linear, branched or cyclic structure and may include a double-bonded aromatic ring or an ether linkage) or the like; an amide such as dimethylformamide or the like; dioxolane such as 1,3-dioxolane or the like; or sulfolane. Among those listed above, the carbonate-based solvent is preferred, and a mixture of a cyclic carbonate-based compound with high ion conductivity and high permittivity (e.g., EC, PC, etc.) and a linear carbonate-based compound with low viscosity (e.g., EMC, DMC, DEC, etc.), which may increase the charging/discharging performance of the battery, is more preferred. In this case, when a mixture obtained by mixing the cyclic carbonate-based compound and the linear carbonate-based compound in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:9 is used, excellent electrolyte performance may be exhibited.

As the lithium salt, any compound that may provide lithium ions used in a lithium secondary battery may be used without particular limitation. Specifically, as the lithium salt, LiPF₆, LiClO₄, LiAsF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAlO₄, LiAlCl₄, LiCF₃SO₃, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiN(C₂F₅SO₃)₂, LiN(C₂F₅SO₂)₂, LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂, LiCl, LiI, LiB(C₂O₄)₂, or the like may be used. The lithium salt is preferably used at a concentration of 0.1 to 2.0 M. When the concentration of the lithium salt is within the above-described range, the electrolyte has appropriate levels of conductivity and viscosity, and thus excellent electrolyte performance can be exhibited, and lithium ions can effectively migrate.

In addition to the above-described electrolyte components, the electrolyte may further include at least one additive selected from a haloalkylene carbonate-based compound such as difluoroethylene carbonate and the like, pyridine, triethylphosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylenediamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric triamide, a nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, a quinone imine dye, an N-substituted oxazolidinone, an N,N-substituted imidazolidine, an ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, an ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxyethanol, aluminum trichloride, and the like for the purpose of improving the lifetime characteristics of the battery, suppressing a reduction in battery capacity, improving the discharge capacity of the battery, or the like. In this case, the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the electrolyte.

Since the lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent discharge capacity, output characteristics, and lifetime characteristics as described above, it is useful in the field of portable devices such as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, and the like and electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and the like.

Accordingly, the present invention also provides a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the battery module.

The battery module or battery pack may be used as a power source for one or more medium-to-large-sized devices selected from a power tool; electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); and a system for storing electric power.

The type of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may be, but is not particularly limited to, a cylindrical type using a can, a prismatic type, a pouch type, a coin type, or the like

The lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may be used not only in a battery cell used as a power source of a small device but also as a unit battery in medium-to-large-sized battery modules including a plurality of battery cells.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to embodiments. However, embodiments of the present invention may be modified into several different forms, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments to be described below. The embodiments of the present invention are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of embodiments to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂ having an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 15 μm as a first positive electrode active material and Li_(1.04)Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O₂ having an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 6 μm as a second positive electrode active material were mixed in a weight ratio of 80:20, and the resulting mixture was used as a positive electrode material.

The mixed positive electrode material, Denka black as a conductive material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, KF1100) as a binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 96.5:1.5:2, and the resulting mixture was added to an N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to prepare a composition for forming a positive electrode. The composition for forming a positive electrode was applied onto a 20 μm-thick aluminum (Al) foil, dried, and then roll-pressed to form a positive electrode active material layer having a thickness of 60 μm on the surface of the positive electrode current collector (Al foil).

Meanwhile, sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.95 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 95:5, and the resulting mixture was added to an NMP solvent to prepare a composition for forming a coating layer. The composition for forming a coating layer was applied onto the surface of the positive electrode active material layer and then thermally treated at 130° C. under an air atmosphere to manufacture a positive electrode including a 3 μm-thick carbon-based coating layer formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer.

Example 2

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a 10 μm-thick carbon-based coating layer was formed on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer by controlling the application amount of a composition for forming a coating layer.

Example 3

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a 1 μm-thick carbon-based coating layer was formed on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer by controlling the application amount of a composition for forming a coating layer.

Example 4

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a 2 μm-thick carbon-based coating layer was formed on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer by controlling the application amount of a composition for forming a coating layer.

Example 5

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a 5 μm-thick carbon-based coating layer was formed on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer by controlling the application amount of a composition for forming a coating layer.

Example 6

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a 15 μm-thick carbon-based coating layer was formed on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer by controlling the application amount of a composition for forming a coating layer.

Example 7

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.95 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 92:8 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Example 8

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.5 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 95:5 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Example 9

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 2.2 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 95:5 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Example 10

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.3 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 95:5 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Example 11

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 2.5 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 95:5 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Comparative Example 1

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was not formed on the surface of a positive electrode active material layer.

Comparative Example 2

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a composition for forming a coating layer, which was prepared by adding only sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g to an NMP solvent without adding a binder, was used.

Comparative Example 3

A first positive electrode active material whose surface was coated with carbon black was prepared by adding sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g in an amount of 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the first positive electrode active material.

A second positive electrode active material whose surface was coated with carbon black was prepared by adding sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g in an amount of 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the second positive electrode active material.

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the prepared first positive electrode active material and the prepared second positive electrode active material were mixed in a weight ratio of 80:20 to form a positive electrode active material layer, and a carbon-based coating layer was not formed.

Comparative Example 4

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.95 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 90:10 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Comparative Example 5

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.95 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 80:20 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Comparative Example 6

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.95 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 75:25 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

Comparative Example 7

A positive electrode was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon-based coating layer was formed using a composition for forming a coating layer which was prepared by mixing sphere-type carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g and a density of 1.95 g/cm³ and a PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 97:3 and adding the resulting mixture to an NMP solvent.

In the case of Comparative Example 7, the binder was included in a small amount of less than 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer, and thus a roll was contaminated during roll pressing.

Experimental Example 1 Confirmation of Occurrence of Cracking During Roll Pressing

The positive electrodes manufactured in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were roll-pressed with a rolling force of 1,600 kgf/cm², and then characteristics thereof were confirmed using a scanning electron microscope.

FIGS. 2 to 6 are SEM images of the cross section of particles after the positive electrodes manufactured in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 3 were roll-pressed, respectively, and FIGS. 7 and 8 are SEM images of the surface of particles after the positive electrodes manufactured in Comparative Example 2 and Example 1 were roll-pressed, respectively.

First, referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, it can be seen that even when the positive electrodes manufactured in Examples 1 and 2 were roll-pressed with a rolling force of 1,600 kgf/cm², the positive electrode active material having a large particle diameter was hardly cracked. Referring to FIG. 4, it can be seen that when the positive electrode manufactured in Example 3 was roll-pressed, the positive electrode active material having a large particle diameter was cracked. This was speculated to be due to the fact that the thickness of the carbon-based coating layer formed on the surface was lower than the range of the present invention.

Meanwhile, referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, it can be seen that after the positive electrodes manufactured in Comparative Examples 1 and 3 were roll-pressed, the positive electrode active material particles having a large particle diameter were cracked.

In addition, referring to FIG. 7, it can be seen that after the positive electrode manufactured in Comparative Example 2 was roll-pressed with a rolling force of 1,600 kgf/cm², the positive electrode active material was observed. That is, after the positive electrode manufactured in Comparative Example 2 was roll-pressed, the carbon-based coating layer peeled off from the surface of the positive electrode active material layer, and thus the positive electrode active material was observed in the surface SEM image. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 8, even when the positive electrode manufactured in Example 1 was roll-pressed with the same rolling force, the carbon-based coating layer did not peel off, and thus it was not possible to observe the positive electrode active material in the surface SEM image.

Experimental Example 2 Confirmation of Output Characteristics

A lithium secondary battery was manufactured using each of the positive electrodes manufactured in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6, and output characteristics thereof were confirmed. In this case, the lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as follows, except that each of the positive electrodes manufactured in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 was used.

Specifically, a graphite-based negative electrode active material, carbon black (Super C65) as a conductive material, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, Daicel 2200) as a binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 96.5:1.5:2, and the resulting mixture was added to H₂O as a solvent to prepare a negative electrode active material slurry. The negative electrode active material slurry was applied onto a 10 μm-thick copper foil, dried, and then roll-pressed to manufacture a negative electrode. A battery was manufactured by laminating each of the positive electrodes manufactured in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 and the manufactured negative electrode together with a ceramic-coated polyethylene separator using a typical method. Then, the battery was input into a battery case, and an electrolyte solution prepared by dissolving 0.7 M LiPF₆ and 0.3 M LiFSI in a 3:7 mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) was injected thereto, thereby manufacturing lithium secondary batteries according to Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6.

Each of the lithium secondary batteries according to Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 was charged at 25° C. and a constant current of 0.2 C until 4.2 V was reached and then discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C until 2.5 V was reached, and the capacity of the battery was measured. Afterward, the battery was recharged at a constant current of 0.2 C until 4.2 V was reached and then discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C until 50% of the preceding discharge capacity was reached, and a current was applied at 2.5 C for 30 seconds. At this time, initial resistance was measured by dividing voltage values before and after the current application by current values. In addition, the battery was charged at 45° C. and a constant current of 1 C until 4.2 V was reached under a condition of 0.005 C cut off and then discharged at a constant current of 1 C until 2.5 V was reached, and 400 cycles of the charging and discharging were performed. At this time, a resistance increase rate was calculated as a percentage relative to the 1^(st) cycle, and results thereof are shown in the following Table 1.

TABLE 1 Initial Resistance increase rate resistance (mΩ) at 400^(th) cycle (%) Example 1 1.45 232 Example 2 1.42 228 Example 3 1.47 244 Example 4 1.46 237 Example 5 1.44 230 Example 6 1.39 220 Example 7 1.42 226 Example 8 1.39 219 Example 9 1.44 231 Example 10 1.37 216 Example 11 1.46 234 Comparative 1.50 256 Example 1 Comparative 1.48 247 Example 2 Comparative 1.50 254 Example 3 Comparative 1.54 263 Example 4 Comparative 1.60 278 Example 5 Comparative 1.64 283 Example 6

As shown in Table 1, it can be seen that the secondary batteries according to Examples 1 to 11 exhibited improved initial resistance and an improved resistance increase rate compared to the secondary batteries according to Comparative Examples 1 to 6. Therefore, it can be predicted that the secondary batteries according to Comparative Examples 1 to 6 exhibited inferior output characteristics compared to the secondary batteries according to Examples 1 to 11.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

10: positive electrode current collector

20: positive electrode active material layer

30: carbon-based coating layer 

1. A positive electrode comprising: a positive electrode active material layer on a surface of a positive electrode current collector, wherein the positive electrode active material layer includes two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters (D₅₀), a conductive material, and a binder; and a carbon-based coating layer on a surface of the positive electrode active material layer, wherein the two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters are each represented by Chemical Formula 1 below, the carbon-based coating layer includes a sphere-type conductive material and a binder, and the carbon-based coating layer includes the binder in an amount of 5 parts by weight or more and less than 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon-based coating layer: Li_(1+a)Ni_(x)Co_(y)M_(z)O₂   [Chemical Formula 1] wherein, 0≤a≤0.5, 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, and M is at least one of Mn and Al.
 2. The positive electrode of claim 1, wherein the carbon-based coating layer has a thickness of 2 μm to 20 μm.
 3. The positive electrode of claim 1, wherein the sphere-type conductive material is carbon black having a specific surface area of 50 m²/g to 500 m²/g.
 4. The positive electrode of claim 1, wherein the sphere-type conductive material has a density of 1.0 g/cm³ to 3.0 g/cm³.
 5. The positive electrode of claim 1, wherein the sphere-type conductive material is one or more selected from acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black.
 6. The positive electrode of claim 1, wherein the two types of positive electrode active materials with different average particle diameters (D₅₀) have a bimodal particle diameter distribution including first positive electrode active material particles having an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 8 μm to 20 μm and second positive electrode active material particles having a smaller average particle diameter (D₅₀) than the average particle diameter (D₅₀) of the first positive electrode active material particles.
 7. The positive electrode of claim 6, wherein the second positive electrode active material particles have an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 10% or more and less than 40% of the average particle diameter (D₅₀) of the first positive electrode active material particles.
 8. The positive electrode of claim 6, wherein the second positive electrode active material particles have an average particle diameter (D₅₀) of 0.8 μm or more and less than 8 μm.
 9. The positive electrode of claim 6, wherein the first positive electrode active material and the second positive electrode active material are included in a weight ratio of 9:1 to 6:4.
 10. A lithium secondary battery comprising the positive electrode according to claim
 1. 